The Government Accountability Office (GAO) recently reviewed the securities disclosure regime for publicly traded banks without holding companies, which differs from the one applicable to bank holding companies and other public companies, and issued recommendations to Congress and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, federal banking regulators review securities disclosures by publicly traded banks without holding companies.  This contrasts with securities disclosures by publicly traded bank holding companies and other public companies, which the SEC reviews. Although only a handful of banks without holding companies are publicly traded, two of the banks that failed in 2023 fell within that group.

The GAO found that, while federal banking regulators review the securities disclosures of publicly traded banks, their review processes do not require the type of investor-focused qualitative assessment that the SEC performs for disclosures by other public companies.  In particular, none of the banking regulators requires staff to qualitatively assess the content of annual securities disclosures, such as by evaluating whether required statements are not materially misleading and whether disclosures contain sufficient detail for investors about the banks’ financial condition.  This appears to be because the regulators do not view their statutory missions as prioritizing investor protection, even though they are charged with applying federal securities laws to banks. Based on its findings, the GAO recommended that Congress reconsider whether securities disclosures by publicly traded banks should be subject to review by federal banking regulators rather than the SEC.

In addition, the GAO reviewed the SEC’s process for reviewing bank holding company disclosures about breaches of interest rate and liquidity risk tolerances.  That review was driven by the GAO’s finding that the banks that failed in 2023 had not disclosed certain interest rate and liquidity risk-tolerance breaches or how management addressed them.  The GAO recommended that SEC staff provide informal guidance on how such companies should assess whether breaches of interest rate risk and liquidity risk tolerance levels are material information for investors, particularly during periods of rising interest rates.  The SEC disagreed with the GAO’s recommendation based on its belief that targeted, fact-specific supervision is preferable to categorical guidance that may result in unintended consequences.

Book Talk | Register here.
September 17, 2026 | 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. ET
The Whitby Hotel, 18 W 56th, New York

Our Fine Print series continues. Please join us to celebrate the release of Money to Burn: The Unvarnished Truth About Leon Black, Apollo, and the Rise of a New Wall Street. This is the newest book by best-selling author and Puck co-founder, William D. Cohan.

Co-founder and editor-in-chief of Puck, Jon Kelly will join Bill for a conversation about the book and moderate audience questions. Copies of the book will be available.

Money to Burn is a deeply reported account of Apollo Global Management with unparalleled access to co-founder Leon Black. The book traces Apollo’s rise as a pioneer in the world of private equity and private credit. At the center is Black, a financial genius and aggressive dealmaker whose strategies generated enormous returns, extreme personal wealth, and redefined Wall Street’s appetite for risk. Cohan draws on Black’s first-hand account to draw back the curtain on his career and life. Learn more about the book here.

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s Division of Corporation Finance ushered in the Labor Day weekend holiday by publishing several new Corporation Finance Interpretations (“CFIs”) relating to Securities Act registration statement fees and incorporation by reference on Form S-1.

CFIGuidance
Securities Act Rules Question 240.18A filer tried to register the offer and sale of securities on a Securities Act registration statement using an offset against fees paid on a Schedule 14C filed for a different transaction.  The fee offset provided by Securities Act Rule 457(b) is not available because the Schedule 14C was filed in connection with a different transaction.  Rule 457(b) and Exchange Act Rule 0-11(a)(2) apply on a transaction-by-transaction basis to ensure that, for any single transaction, the total fee paid is to be calculated based on the overall transaction rather than requiring a fee for each step of the transaction. 
Securities Act Forms Question 113.09A company that filed a registration statement on Form S-1 but was not eligible to incorporate by reference and did not use historical or forward incorporation by reference can rely on incorporation by reference in its next pre- or post-effective amendment if, at that time, it meets all conditions to do so.  Any such amendment must include the information required by Item 12 of Form S-1.
Securities Act Forms Question 113.10A smaller reporting company that complies with Item 12(b) of Form S-1 by indicating that it has elected to forward incorporate must meet all of the requirements to do so in General Instruction VII of Form S-1.
Securities Act Forms Question 113.11A company that elected to forward incorporate information filed after the effective date of the registration statement under Item 12(b) must incorporate by reference the documents required to be incorporated by Items 12(a)(1) and 12(a)(2) of Form S-1.
Securities Act Forms Question 113.12If a registrant elects to forward incorporate into Form S-1, it should note that forward incorporation of subsequent Exchange Act filings does not always provide all of the itemized disclosure required in a prospectus in a Form S-1.  Instead, the registrant must consider whether any item of Form S-1 requires disclosure not included in any Exchange Act filings that were incorporated by reference, and may need to file a post-effective amendment or prospectus supplement to add such information.  Information included in an Exchange Act filing under a different heading than that used by Form S-1 still satisfies the Form S-1 requirements for incorporation by reference.

Find the new CFIs here.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has taken another step toward expanding retail investor access to private markets.  On August 31, 2026, the SEC submitted its planned rulemaking, Enhancing Retail Exposure to Private Markets, to the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (“OIRA”) for review.  The rulemaking would address both retail exposure to private markets through registered investment companies and the ability of investment advisers to charge performance fees to a broader group of clients.

As we previously blogged, the SEC’s Investor Advisory Committee (“IAC”) signaled support for expanded retail access to private market assets and recommended that the SEC consider ways to facilitate retail exposure through registered investment vehicles, including by revisiting restrictions applicable to registered funds investing in private funds and other illiquid assets.  The current submission moves those IAC recommendations closer to formal regulatory action.

The Investment Company Act component would have significant implications for registered funds seeking to provide retail investors with private market exposure.  The SEC will need to propose amendments to existing rules that would facilitate such investments through registered funds.  The scope of those changes will need to address restrictions on investments in private funds, liquidity, valuation, affiliated transactions and board oversight.  With respect to the Advisers Act, the SEC will need to propose amendments addressing the current restrictions governing performance-based compensation.  Section 205 of the Advisers Act generally prohibits an investment adviser from entering into an advisory contract providing for compensation based on a share of capital gains or capital appreciation.  The proposed amendments will need to expand the group of clients eligible for performance fee arrangements while maintaining appropriate investor protections.

These changes could be particularly relevant to permanent capital vehicles, including business development companies, closed-end funds and interval funds, that seek to provide retail investors with exposure to private equity, private credit and other illiquid investments.  Greater flexibility under the Investment Company Act would expand the range of private market strategies available through registered funds, while broader performance fee eligibility could affect the economics and structuring of advisory relationships.

The OIRA submission is not itself a proposed rule but represents a significant procedural step with the publication of a proposed rule anticipated in October 2026.  If adopted, the rulemaking could mark a meaningful shift in the regulatory framework governing retail participation in private markets. A link to the OIRA submission can be found here.

Yesterday, on September 1, the Securities and Exchange Commission wrapped up what has been a very busy summer by proposing amendments to the rules and forms governing registered transfer agents.  If adopted, this will be the first significant update to this regulatory framework in over four decades, a change many believe is long overdue.  As the proposing release points out, “[t]ransfer agents are a key component of the national clearance and settlement system, performing critical functions related to the securities lifecycle that help protect investors and support the prompt and accurate processing of securities transaction;” underscoring the potential impact of the proposed changes. 

Many of the rules the Commission has proposed this summer—such as Regulation E-Delivery and Regulation Crypto Assets—reflect that our technology is evolving rapidly, from “tokenization initiatives, to cloud-based systems, to AI-enabled operational tools,” and the rules and regulations relating to capital markets transactions need to keep pace.  The proposed transfer agent rules are no different–as SEC Chairman Paul Atkins put it, “[t]his proposal would streamline and modernize the Commission’s rules to reflect transfer agents’ current processes and operations, including the use of electronic communications and blockchain technology in connection with securities offerings and the transfer of shares.”  Commissioner Hester Pierce echoed his thoughts, “[w]hen the Commission first adopted the rules governing transfer agents, holding paper share certificates was the norm.  Now few paper certificates exist, and transfer agents and other market participants are looking to a future in which many shares will be tokenized.  Our rules need to reflect the new realities of how shares are held and transferred.”  As you will see below, many of the proposed changes reflect this new technological reality.

Key Proposed Changes

Updated Registration and Reporting Requirements

Transfer agents file a Form TA-1 to register as a transfer agent, a Form TA-2 to provide annual disclosures, and a Form TA-W to withdraw from registration.  The proposal would revise the registration process and reporting obligations for transfer agents, including extending the time from filing to effectiveness of Form TA-1 to give the Commission more time to review the Form.  Transfer agents would also be required to file an amended Form TA-2 within 60 days of discovering that previously reported information was materially inaccurate, incomplete, or misleading.  

The questions and instructions on both Forms TA-1 and TA-2 would be updated “to promote clarity regarding the required information and to improve the quality, consistency, and comparability of the information provided in response.”  The Forms would also be updated in response to blockchain technology.  For example, the Commission proposes to require registered transfer agents to report the number of issues for which distributed ledger technology was used to maintain the master securityholder file during the reporting period, a nod to the fact “that the risks associated with safeguarding physical securities certificates are vastly different than the risks associated with safeguarding book-entry securities or tokenized securities.”  In addition, new question 5(a) on Form TA-2 would require disclosure of the number of service providers, including distributed ledger technology platforms, used by a transfer agent during the reporting period.  Further, proposed new question 6(b) would require registrants to report the number of issues, by tokenization model and security type, serviced by the registrant as of December 31, noting that the risks to investors differ depending on the tokenization model.

Proposed Changes to Existing Rules 

  • Definitions (Rules 17ad-1 & 17ad-9):  Modernize the terminology used in the transfer agent rules to reflect existing technologies, such as blockchains and other distributed ledger-based platforms, and also to capture new, as yet unforeseen technologies. 
  • Turnaround and Processing Standards; Limitations on Expansion (Rules 17ad-2 & 17ad-3):  Require transfer agents to adopt written policies and procedures for timely turnaround and processing, align turnaround requirements with the current settlement cycle and reflect current technology, and raise the limitation-on-expansion threshold.
  • Recordkeeping and Record Retention (Rules 17ad-6 & 17ad-7):  Establish a single retention period for most transfer agent records and modernize the provisions governing recordkeeping, including updated electronic record keeping requirements and encompassing records existing solely on distributed ledgers and blockchain networks.
  • Prompt Posting to Master Securityholder Files (Rule 17ad-10):  Align posting timeframes to the modern settlement cycle and introduce technology-neutral terms.  In a comment request, the Staff pointed out another difference in the risks associated with tokenized securities, querying whether “transfer agents that maintain the master securityholder file exclusively on an immutable blockchain network be exempt from the record deletion and retention requirement set forth in Rule 17ad-10(f), given that records created on such networks cannot be “deleted” in the traditional sense?”
  • Safeguarding of Funds and Securities (Rule 17ad-12):  Reframe as a comprehensive risk management provision.  The release notes throughout that transfer agents provide important custody services.  Currently, Rule 17ad-12 focuses on physical custody and it does not provide clear, definitive standards for safeguarding uncertificated securities.  The changes would require written policies and procedures to protect securities and funds, including with regard to cybersecurity risks linked to the increasing use of uncertificated securities, such as book-entry and tokenized securities; mitigate material operational risks; segregate funds; and maintain a business continuity plan. 
  • Lost Securityholders, Inactive Securityholders, and Unresponsive Payees (Rule 17ad-17):  Introduce a new notification requirement for inactive securityholders and update to permit electronic communications and payments.
  • Rescission of Rule 17ad-4.  Rule 17ad-4, which exempts certain transfer agents and securities from turnaround, processing, and recordkeeping requirements, would be rescinded because technological advances have improved the operational capacity of transfer agents of all types and sizes, making these exemptions no longer necessary. 
  • New Compliance and Restrictive Legend Rules.  Proposed new Rule 17ad-30 would require registered transfer agents to establish, maintain, and enforce written compliance policies and procedures designed to ensure adherence with the federal securities laws.  Proposed new Rule 17ad-31 would create specific requirements around restrictive legends on securities and would also require transfer agents to have a reasonable basis to believe that a transaction does not violate, and is not part of a chain of transactions that would violate, the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, before facilitating it.  Commissioner Peirce described these new requirements as an effort to “empower transfer agents to do a better job in combatting microcap fraud.”

Requests for Comment

In his statement in response to the proposing release, Commissioner Mark Uyeda stressed the forward-looking nature of the proposed rules, remarking that with these changes, “we can better protect investors, support innovation, and strengthen the foundation of the markets we have today and the markets we expect tomorrow.”  Commenters will have the opportunity to opine on whether the proposed rules can, indeed, accomplish this goal, along with other aspects of the proposed rules.  Notably, many of the requests for comment address the use of blockchain and distributed ledge technology in the context of registered transfer agent duties.

Comments are due 60 days after publication of the proposing release in the Federal Register.  Read the SEC’s proposing release, press release and fact sheet.  Read Commissioner Peirce’s statement here and Commissioner Uyeda’s statement here. 

Webinar | September 3, 2026
3:30 p.m. – 4.00 p.m. CET | 2:30 p.m. – 3.00 p.m. GMT| 9:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. EST
Register here.

This webinar will focus on the new prospectus rules introduced by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/1061 amending Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/980, and their practical implications for annual programme updates, future debt issuances and prospectus disclosure in the European capital markets.

With the publication of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/1061 in the Official Journal on 13 August 2026, the final elements of the EU Listing Act prospectus reforms are now in place. As issuers prepare for upcoming programme renewals and future debt offerings, market participants will need to assess whether existing prospectus documentation, disclosure practices and approval processes should be updated to reflect the new requirements.

In this webinar, Mayer Brown speakers will provide a practical overview of the key changes to the prospectus disclosure regime and discuss how they may affect the preparation, updating and approval of debt prospectuses.

Join us for a practical discussion of the actions market participants should be considering now to ensure that programme documentation and prospectus disclosure remain fit for purpose under the finalised Listing Act framework.

Hybrid | September 3, 2026
Register here.

Practising Law Institute (PLI) will host the 12th Annual Alternative Finance Summit: Fintech, Blockchain, and Crowdfunding program.

Mayer Brown Partner Anna Pinedo will participate in the “Securities Offering and Private Placement Developments: A Prolific, Controversial Year of Rulemaking” session.

See the event webpage for information on the program and the session.

On August 24, 2026, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) published notice of the filing of a proposal by MEMX LLC to list and trade securities event contracts (File No. SR-MEMX-2026-25).  The securities event contracts would be cash-settled, European-style binary “YES” or “NO” options based on the outcome of an event related to the financial performance of an issuer the stock of which trades on a national securities exchange.  Prices would range from $0.01 to $0.99 and the contracts would trade on MEMX’s options platform with the benefit of central clearing, know-your-customer requirements, and MEMX’s existing regulatory and market-surveillance programs.

The MEMX proposal adds to the debate regarding how securities-based event contracts should be classified and, in turn, whether these are subject to the jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) or the SEC. 

Continue reading.

The first half of 2026 saw a notable increase in private market activity, with investor interest increasingly concentrated in a handful of sectors.  Nasdaq Private Market’s Secondary Scene: Private Markets at the Midpoint of 2026 report provides a comprehensive review of trends, including data on issuances, secondary activity, and liquidity programs.  As has been widely reported, the U.S. IPO market posted its strongest first half since 2021, with 65 IPOs raising over $114 billion.  The SPAC market has also recovered.  After collapsing from a 2021 peak of roughly $145 billion, SPAC issuance rebounded to $26 billion raised in 138 deals in 2025—nearly three times the $8.7 billion raised in 2024.  That momentum carried into 2026, with 118 SPAC IPOs raising approximately $20.9 billion in the first half of 2026.  A robust IPO market provides liquidity for private shareholders, many of whom reinvest their capital back into the private markets.

Secondary market data illustrates where buyer and seller interest is concentrated.  Demand is heaviest in the industrials sector, where buy-side orders account for 94% of activity.  The defense tech sector and AI and machine learning sector follow with buy-side orders accounting for 92% and 79% of all orders, respectively.  Conversely, sellers dominate in the commerce & marketplaces (85% sell-side), consumer (80%), cybersecurity (79%), and enterprise software (73%) sectors.  

The tender market continues to provide liquidity for companies that are not yet ready to go public, and the pace of activity has increased.  The median secondary program now launches just four months after the last primary round, suggesting that many tenders are being structured as “companion” liquidity events for investors who missed their allocation in the primary.  The time between a company’s successive tender programs has also compressed sharply, falling from 290 days (for 2018 and 2022) to just 108 days in 2025.  The technology sector, including AI, has been the dominant industry, accounting for 47% of all company liquidity programs, followed by the financial sector (17%) and industrials (11%). 

Nasdaq also notes that company-sponsored deals are diversifying across all company stages with debt financing rounds among private companies experiencing the biggest increase.  As companies remain private longer, they draw on an increasingly diverse set of liquidity tools, with debt taking on a more intentional and strategic role in their capital structures.  This trend is especially evident among fintech firms, where taking on debt is often a fundamental component of the business model.  Nasdaq’s comparison chart below shows the broader mix of deals by stage in recent years versus 2020-2022.  The data points in a consistent direction:  capital is flowing toward AI, defense, and robotics, while established software and consumer categories are seeing more supply than demand.  With the IPO market functioning again, tender programs expanding, and private market pricing adjusting actively, 2026 is offering stakeholders a broader array of liquidity options than the market has seen in recent years.

Webinar | September 2, 2026
12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. ET
Register here.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the leadership of SEC Chair Atkins devoted significant time and attention during the early part of the Chair’s tenure to digital assets and, while the agency withdrew a number of pending rule proposals from the prior administration, did not introduce many new rulemaking proposals.  However, in recent months, there has been significant rulemaking, which is intended to address many of the key priorities articulated by Chair Atkins, including reinvigorating the public markets and Making IPOs Great Again. 

Among other rulemakings, we will address those related to capital formation and public companies; guidance that affects digital assets; and changes in the SEC’s enforcement priorities, including:

  • Proposed amendments to allow companies to file semiannual reports instead of quarterly reports to meet their interim reporting obligations;
  • Proposed amendments to facilitate capital formation, including making shelf registration statements more accessible to more issuers; extending certain communication and other benefits to a broader array of issuers; expanding the ability to rely on incorporation by reference into Form S-1; and other related changes
  • Proposed amendments to streamline filer statuses for public reporting companies into two primary categories: large accelerated filers and non-accelerated filers; and extend to non-accelerated filers the existing accommodations and scaled disclosures applicable to smaller reporting companies and emerging growth companies;
  • Relief relating to equity tenders and to debt tenders or exchange offers for non-convertible debt securities;
  • Interpretations jointly issued by the SEC and CFTC regarding the application of the securities laws to certain digital assets and Staff guidance related to digital assets; and
  • Changes in enforcement priorities.